Notes (mostly Linux)

1. External Drives
   
2. RDP/Rust
3. Give a job higher priority (also see task manager)
4. Execute a (python) script from desktop (doubleclick)
5. FFmpeg
1. Get Pic from Video
2. Convert MOV to mp4
3. Cropping Video
4. Concatnate Videos
5. Setting the resolution of video
6. Reversing audio stream
7. Remove sound (between two points)
8. Trim Video
9. Remove section of video
10. Remove/Denoise video
11. Fade In video
12. Fade Out video
13. CrossFade
14. Rotate
15. Speed up / Slow down, video
16. Blur (box blur)

External Drives

on connected Mint PC(mike / a****#a****1 )

sftp://mike@192.168.1.11/media/mike/MES_Network0
sftp://mike@192.168.1.11/media/mike/TOSHIBA1TB
//192.168.1.5/
sftp://mike@192.168.1.5/
sftp://mike@192.168.1.5/media/mike/Elements

on directly connected to router USB drive

//192.168.1.1/shares/USB_Storage/
ftp://anonymous@192.168.1.1/shares/USB_Storage (or use account admin/password)
or (readonly) http://192.168.1.1/shares/USB_Storage/

on Ubuntu PC with attached network drives (to attached 8Tb drive):

sftp://192.168.1.11/media/mike/MES_Network0
(to Backup partition drive on attached 8Tb drive):
sftp://192.168.1.11/media/mike/backup
(to attached Toshiba drive):
sftp://192.168.1.11/media/mike/TOSHIBA1TB

Rsync (copy/backup files)

Rsync #IF you want the contents of A and B to be the same. Be sure to include the trailing '/' on the source
# otherwise, the folder A will be copied to B. Add --delete if you want it to be an exact mirror, that is
# any pre-existing files in B that aren't in A will be deleted.
rsync -avu "/home/user/A/" "/home/user/B"

#Copy files to backup. (Example, copy Tony's SpankingTube videos to the backup drive.
cd /media/mike/backup/mike/Videos/xyz/Spanking/bearspanks-ST_nwcub2019-Twitter/ST-Videos
rsync -avP ~/Videos/xyz/Spanking/bearspanks-ST_nwcub2019-Twitter/ST-Videos/ .

RDP/Rust

RUST Desktop is installed for RDP Remote Desktop on Lenovo laptop.

Give a job higher priority (terminal command; you can also use task manager)

#give priority to a job
  sudo nice -n -19

Run a Python (or other) script/pgm from the desktop (or elsewhere?) by doubleclick.

Associate the script with python3 by Right-clicking the file and click
"Properties" / "Open With". Change default application to "python3"
Next, click the "Permissions" tab. Make sure "Allow Executing file as program" is UN-checked.
This seems counter-intuitive, but this will make [Display] the Default, and Display is set to use
"python3 {filename}" by default now.

FFmpeg

Installation (last)

https://ffmpeg.org/download.html#:~:text=FFmpeg%205.1.3%20%22Riemann%22,on%202022%2D07%2D13.
Downloaded gzip tarball
Installed the program from the tarball with
double-click the file, Extracted the file.
Went to the folder in terminal and
sudo ./configure
sudo make
sudo make install

that updated Ffmpeg to v6.0
(It made some changes; some filters no longer work. Don't know if they can be added back).

Get pic from video

#to get a still jpg from a movie
ffmpeg -ss 92 -i MVI_3049.MOV -frames:v 1 mvi3049.jpg

Convert MOV to mp4

#Convert MOV to mp4 (w/video codec, keeping audio; suitable for upload, usually)
  ffmpeg -i IMG_1234.MOV -vcodec libx264 file.mp4
#Convert MOV to mp4. (As above but specifying audio codec. You can use mp2 instead of aac below if not uploading to Twitter.)
  ffmpeg -i my-video.mov -vcodec libx264 -acodec aac my-video.mp4
#old version-- ffmpeg -i my-video.mov -vcodec h264 -acodec aac my-video.mp4
#if you use the above but are getting an error in Twitter "Your video file could not be processed”, even though
# the parameters are correct (mp4, h264, aac, etc), try:
# opening HandBrake and processing the file there. The defaults should work, and you can upload it as a m4v file. By default it will be in the Video folder.
# XXXXX opening Kdenlive and adding the file & rendering a project. That fixed one for me.

Cropping Video

#cropping video
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "crop=w:h:x:y"-vcodec libx264 -q 6 output.mp4
-i input.mp4 specifies the input video (input.mp4 being the input / original video in this case)
-filter:v (can be abbreviated to -vf) specifies we're using a video filter
"crop=W:H:X:Y" means we're using the "crop" video filter, with 4 values:
w the width of the output video (so the width of the cropped region), which defaults to the input video width (input video width = iw, which is the same as in_w); out_w may also be used instead of w
h the height of the output video (the height of the cropped region), which defaults to the input video height (input video height = ih, with in_h being another notation for the same thing); out_h may also be used instead of h
x the horizontal position from where to begin cropping, starting from the left (with the absolute left margin being 0)
y the vertical position from where to begin cropping, starting from the top of the video (the absolute top being 0)
ffmpeg -i IMG_4080.MOV -vf "crop=iw-1000:ih:500:0" baw1.MOV
1920x1080 1.777 : 1080x1920 0.5625

Concatnate Videos

#To concatnate several MOV files together:

#Open terminal and navigate to the directory containing the files.
#Create a text file, (e.g. mylist.txt). You can use nano, vi or the GUI editor. Each line of the file should #begin "file " then the name of the first file. The next line should be "file " and the 2nd file, and so on.
#Save the text file.
#Back in terminal, type this:
sudo nice -n -19 ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i mylist.txt -c copy output.MOV

Setting the resolution of a video.

#Using the width & aspect ratio

  ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf scale=320:-1 output.mp4

#Using the height & aspect ratio

  ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf scale=-1:720 output.mp4

#Specifying width & height ignore aspect ratio (plus with high quality?)

  ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf scale=1280:720 -preset slow -crf 18 output.mp4

#Some codecs require the size of width and height to be a multiple of n.

#You can achieve this by setting the width or height to -n:
  ffmpeg -i input.jpg -vf scale=320:-2 output_320.png

#"Forcing" the aspect resolution to 1920x1080, adding black bars where necessary

  ffmpeg -i imput.mp4 -vf "scale=1920:1080:force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease,pad=1920:1080:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2,setsar=1" out.mp4

#To merge video coming from two different type sources, you may have to make the dimensions the same (among other things). This happens when merging video from my Canon Ti1 Rebel DLSR & iPhone(11) video. The "best" thing to do would be to shoot the iPhone video sideways. But if it's too late for that, find a compromise, like 1820x1080. You can add letterbox to the iPhone video like this:

  ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=1820:1080:force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease,pad=1820:1080:-1:-1:color=black" output.mp4

#If you're having a problem with the 2nd video file not having audio in the merged copy, try this.
#Use the complex filter and specify the mapping as in this:

  ffmpeg -i NSWb.mp4 -i NSWb4.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v] [0:a] [1:v] [1:a] concat=n=2:v=1:a=1 [vv] [aa]" -map "[vv]" -map "[aa]" NSWbT.mp4

#If you get an error, in particular, one saying the v1 video fomrat doesn't match, look closely at the error;
# it's possible, especally if you did the scaling above the SAR is different on the videos. The correct SAR
# is Probably 1/1. You can convert your video to SAR 1/1 using this:

  ffmpeg -i NSWb3.mp4 -vf "setsar=1/1" NSWb4.mp4

# then repeat the previous concat command to merge the video files.

Reversing audio stream

#reversing the audio stream of a video
ffmpeg -i video_with_rev_audio.mp4 -map 0 -c:v copy -af "areverse" reversed_audio.mp4

Audio Remove Sound between two points.

#audio remove sound (set volume=0) between two points.
ffmpeg -i meGive2003f.mp4 -af "volume=enable='between(t,144,145)':volume=0" meGive2003g.mp4

#remove sound between two points, fast copying video w/no changes
ffmpeg -i IMG_3896.mp4 -af "volume=enable='between(t,82,84)':volume=0" -c:v copy IMG_3896s.mp4

Trim Video

#trim video
ffmpeg -i movie.mp4 -ss 00:00:03 -t 00:02:20 -async 1 cut.mp4
ffmpeg -ss 00:01:00 -i input.mp4 -to 00:08:10 -c copy output.mp4

Remove a section of video

#Remove section from middle of video
# Exs.: keep and <45s-end>, keep all the frames which are "not between 15s and 45s":
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-vf "select='not(between(t,15,45))', setpts=N/FRAME_RATE/TB" \
-af "aselect='not(between(t,15,45))', asetpts=N/SR/TB" output.mp4
ffmpeg -i Ryan4b.mp4 -vf "select='not(between(t,15,45))', setpts=N/FRAME_RATE/TB" -af "aselect='not(between(t,15,45))', asetpts=N/SR/TB" Ryan4c.mp4
ffmpeg -i Ryan4b.mp4 -vf select='not(between(t,10,12))',setpts=N/FRAME_RATE/TB -af aselect='not(between(t,10,12))',asetpts=N/SR/TB Ryan4c.mp4

Remove/Denoise video

#remove video "noise"/grain or smooth video
ffmpeg -i IMG_4434.MOV -vf "atadenoise=0b=0.1:0a=0.3" -q 5 IMG_4434.mp4 ##the 0a affects motion noise & helps a lot sometimes
ffmpeg -i IMG_4434.MOV -vf atadenoise -vcodec libx264 -q 6 IMG_4434.mp4
ffmpeg -i IMG_1985.MOV -filter:v "hqdn3d" Ryan3dn.mp4
ffmpeg -i IMG_1985.MOV -filter:v "vaguedenoiser" Ryan3.mp4

Fade In

#fade in
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -vf "fade=t=in:st=0:d=3" -c:a copy out.mp4

Fade Out

#fade out
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -vf "fade=t=out:st=10:d=5" -c:a copy out.mp4

#You can also fade in/out Audio using afade.

CrossFade (Or you can use Kdenlive)

#Crossfade or transition between two videos
ffmpeg -i out2Tbb.mp4 -i out3T.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v][1:v]xfade=duration=2:offset=137[outv];[0:a][1:a]acrossfade=duration=2[outa]" -map [outv] -map [outa] -q:v 2 Output.mp4
#Here, "offset" needs + duration needs to be no greater than the length of the first video (preferably equal to)
#the duration on the [1:a] track (acrossfade=duration= ) should be the same duration as the video.
##Note the addition of the "-q" parameter. Otherwise the output is blocky. Lower numbers are better quality (but larger files). Also, it needs to be right in front of the output file. Also, the parameters of the xfade; duration is how long it will last, and offset needs to be the length of the 1st video, minus the duration.

#If you try a transition as above and get a framerate mismatch error, re-encode one of the videos to match the other using -framerate and possibly the "-r" parameter too, as well as the timescale; all as below:
ffmpeg -i IMG_3430.MOV -framerate 30 -af volume=5.0 -video_track_timescale 19200 -c:v libx264 -r 30 b.mp4
#If the audio of the 2nd video if off, you may have to play around with the 2nd duration parameter. I had to use 2.5 on the 2nd parameter (audio) when the first (video) was 2.
ffmpeg -i ab.mp4 -i c.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v][1:v]xfade=duration=2:offset=324[outv];[0:a][1:a]acrossfade=duration=0.5[outa]" -map [outv] -map [outa] abc.mp4

Rotate video

#rotate using metadata

ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -map_metadata 0 -metadata:s:v rotate="90" -codec copy output.mp4

#rotate using video filter

The trick here is to use the rotation value:
0 – Rotate by 90 degrees counter-clockwise and flip vertically. This is the default.
1 – Rotate by 90 degrees clockwise.
2 – Rotate by 90 degrees counter-clockwise.
3 – Rotate by 90 degrees clockwise and flip vertically.
I often record with cameras hanging upside down. Then I want to rotate 180 degrees, which can be done like this:
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "transpose=2,transpose=2" output.mp4
Even though the video is re-compressed using this method, you can force the audio to be copied without compression by adding the -c:a copy tag:
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "transpose=1" -c:a copy output.mp4

#rotate an arbituary angle

ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "rotate=n*PI/2" out.mp4 ##where n is a scale factor. use -n for counterclockwise rotation. -n=0.05 is a few degrees ccw.

Speed up / Slow down, video

ffmpeg -i input.mkv -filter:v "setpts=PTS/60" -an output.mkv

Darken or Lighten, video (adjust gamma)

#tinker with numbers
ffplay -vf eq=gamma=1.5:saturation=1.3 original.vid
#also
https://superuser.com/questions/928151/ffmpeg-eq-filter-complex-contrast

#another way to use the gamma curves to make darker using a preset
ffmpeg -i Out4.mp4 -vf "curves=preset=darker" Out5.mp4


#** convert flv to avi, use filter to increase brightness, quality 3 output
ffmpeg -i 21453.flv -vf "lutyuv=y=val*1.3" -q:v 3 output.avi

#brighteness/contrast and audio boost
### I've had problems using this -vf filter. Probably best to use the lutyuv= filter instead.
ffmpeg -i file1.mp4 -filter:a "volume=4.0" -vf "eq=contrast=3:brightness=0.9:saturation=3" -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p out2.mp4
#brightness seems to be 0 based.

#brighter ##but could cause problems; see above about eq filter and use lutyuv= instead
ffmpeg -i original.vid -vf eq=gamma=1.5:saturation=1.3 -c:a copy outfile.vid

#several filters (brightness/contrast & crop) ##see above about eq filter
ffmpeg -i file1.mp4 -filter:a "volume=4.0" -vf "crop=iw:550:0:170, eq=contrast=3:brightness=0.9:saturation=3" -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p out7.mp4

#example of eq video flter to remove red & green shading, increase brightness & contrast some
ffmpeg -i out2.mp4 -c:v libx264 -vf eq=gamma_r=0.7:gamma_g=0.8:brightness=.2:contrast=1.4 out3.mp4

#one option to possibly help with flicker
ffmpeg -fflags +genpts -i out.mp4 -fflags +genpts -i out.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v]setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[top]; [1:v]setpts=PTS-STARTPTS+.033/TB, format=yuva420p, colorchannelmixer=aa=0.5[bottom]; [top][bottom]overlay=shortest=1" -c:v libx264 -crf 26 NOFLICKER.mp4

#adjust volume
#For newer versions of ffmpeg
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -filter:a "volume=4.0" output.mkv;

#The following two are to Try to Auto correct sync issues:
#if audio is ahead of video
ffmpeg -async 1 -i input.mpg

#if video is ahead of audio
ffmpeg -vsync 1 -i input.mpg
ffmpeg -vsync 2 -i input.mpg

#to Manually correct sync:
#if audio is ahead, correct by 3 seconds
ffmpeg -i 103121d.mp4 -itsoffset -1.0s -i 103121d.mp4 -vcodec copy -acodec copy -map 0:1 -map 1:0 output_shift32.mp4
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -itsoffset 00:00:03.0 -i input.mp4 -vcodec copy -acodec copy -map 0:1 -map 1:0 output_shift3s.mp4

Bluring a section (box) of video between two points (box blur)

#putting in a blur filter
ffmpeg -i "cut1.MOV" -filter_complex "[0:v]crop=200:400:300:350,boxblur=10[fg];[0:v][fg]overlay=enable='between(t,31,33)':x=300:y=350" cut6.MOV
ffmpeg -i "cut1.MOV" -filter_complex "[0:v]crop=60:80:80:70,boxblur=10[fg];[0:v][fg]overlay=enable='between(t,31,33)':x=80:y=70" cut6.MOV
ffmpeg -i "cut1.MOV" -filter_complex "[0:v]crop=400:300:900:1,boxblur=20[fg];[0:v][fg]overlay=enable='between(t,31,33)':x=900:y=1" cut6.MOV

ffmpeg -ss 00:00:08 -i cut2.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v]crop=500:175:125:150,boxblur=20[fg];[0:v][fg]overlay=enable='between(t,-10,33)':x=125:y=150" cutHandTwi.mp4

#for the above, "crop=x:y:a:b" x:y creates a blur box of size X x Y. a:b is where the upper left hand #corner of the box will start. The x and y at the end (x=900;y=1) should mirror the a & b values.

#ffmpeg -i cut2.MOV -filter_complex \ "[0:v]crop=101:104:942:197,boxblur=10:enable='between(t,26,27)'[fg]; \ [0:v][fg]overlay=942:197[v]" -map "[v]" -map 0:a -c:v libx264 -c:a copy -movflags +faststart test.m4v
#ffmpeg -i cut3.MOV -filter_complex \ "[0:v]crop=155:201:662:1,boxblur=10:enable='between(t,57,59)'[fg]; \ [0:v][fg]overlay=662:1[v]" -map "[v]" -map 0:a -c:v libx264 -c:a copy -movflags +faststart cut4.MOV
#ffmpeg -i cut4.MOV -filter_complex \ "[0:v]crop=255:501:640:1,boxblur=20:enable='between(t,84,87)'[fg]; \ [0:v][fg]overlay=640:1[v]" -map "[v]" -map 0:a -c:v libx264 -c:a copy -movflags +faststart cut6.MOV
#ffmpeg -i cut1.MOV -filter_complex "[0:v]crop=1000:100:1280:1,boxblur=20:enable='between(t,31,33)'[fg]; [0:v][fg]overlay=1280:1[v]" -map "[v]" -map 0:a -c:v libx264 -c:a copy -movflags +faststart cut6.MOV